ReadinessHub.com Emergency Use Respirator Guide There are many situations where the use of a respirator can be life-saving. But having the right respirator for the right situation, and more importantly, knowing the limitations of your respirator can make all the difference. In this document I’ll cover the types of Respirators, Filters, and basic proper usage instructions. I recommend only using OSHA and NIOSH approved respirators & correct filters. NOTE: Use of these respirators should be done only when the user is completely familiar with all of the features and limitations as listed in the manufacturer’s manual, and knows the proper fit-testing and respirator inspection to safely wear one. Follow all instructions and manuals given by the manufacturer. Types of Respirators and Filters There are many types of respirators covered in this document. Helping you select the best one for your needs is our objective: • Air Purifying Respirators ? Disposable Mouth/Nose covering Masks ? Half-Face Respirators ? Full-Face Respirators ? Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) • Air Supplying Respirators ? Air-Line Respirators ? Combination Respirators ? Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus • Types of Filters ? Particulate ? Gas and Bio-Vapor ? Combination Air Purifying Respirator Types NOTE: Air Purifying Respirators do NOT create breathable air or oxygen. They simply purify the surrounding air/oxygen to be used by the wearer. Do not attempt to use Air Purifying Respirator Types in enclosed areas or in situations where oxygen is not in sufficient supply. Follow all instructions and manuals given by the manufacturer. Disposable Particulate Masks Disposable Particulate Masks are worn over one’s “muzzle” (mouth and nose) to protect the nose, throat and lungs from mostly particulate hazards. They do also provide a notable layer of prophylaxis against mists and liquid contamination hazards; however it should be noted that this is merely an added benefit, and should not be relied upon as the one’s only means of protection. On all types, they list what they provide protection against, and list any particular contaminants (dust, insulation, etc.), specified by the manufacturer on the packaging. These respirators are usually one-size-fits all, and must be adjusted by the user to fit snug, but comfortably. OSHA and NIOSH do not recognize disposable respirators as an effective means of protection. They are simply a stop-gap measure and a better-than-nothing layer of protection; mostly from particulates. I do not recommend using these for any Emergency Readiness Kit. Half-Face Respirators Half-Face Respirators with replaceable filter elements can protect the upper respiratory tract from hazardous dusts, fumes, mists if used with the proper filter type. They only provide protection against certain hazards of limited concentrations, always specified by the manufacturer for the particular cartridge type used, usually labeled on the cartridge packaging and the cartridge itself (example, solvents, naphthalene, etc.). These operate using the negative pressure inside the respirator which is caused by the user’s breathing in through the filter elements and out through an outlet valve[s]. This negative pressure environment within the mask can only be maintained if the mask maintains a proper seal on the user. Like the other non-disposable respirators, this seal will require a proper fit-test before one can confidently and safely utilize it. Full-Face Respirators (Mask Type) Full-Face Respirators utilize the same principle of function and proper pre-fitting as the half-face type. In addition, they have a fuller facial fit which includes a visor/eyepiece/outsert lens (some models have two eyepieces for each eye) and will protect the wearer’s eyes from hazardous gases, vapors or particulates. This type is the most common type of respirator, often called a “Gas Mask,” which the military primarily uses, and since it is so versatile, and affordable, it is the type I recommend using for your Readiness Kit. PAPRs Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) operate utilizing a full-face, helmet or hood type head cover under positive pressure inside the headpiece using an electric motor (usually battery operated) blower assembly to force the cleaned air through a filter element into the wearer’s respiratory system. Use of these respirators, like all respirators, should be done only when one is fully familiar with the features and limitations as listed in the manufacturer’s manual. Air Supplying Respirator Types Note: Follow all instructions and manuals given by the manufacturer. Air-Line Respirators Air-Line Respirators supply breathable air through a hose from an air compressor or compressed air canisters. The wearer must be attached to the hose at all times, which limits his/her mobility from the source of air. Combination Respirators Combination Respirators have an auxiliary self-contained air supply that is used in case the primary supply fails. The self-contained portion can be small since it only needs to supply enough air for certain escape situations. This type of respirator can be used in confined spaces, for a very limited amount of time. These are optimally used when there are extended work shifts, required in atmospheres that may contain trace amounts of hazardous materials, but may become immediately dangerous to life and health at any given time. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) respirators supply clean air from a compressed air tank carried on the back of the wearer. These respirators are very mobile and are used primarily for emergency response or rescue work (Firefighters), since only a limited amount of air can be supplied by a single tank, generally 25-60 minutes. They are, however, extremely expensive. Filter Types Note: At all times, avoid getting your filter cartridges/elements wet, and ensure they are properly inserted in your respirator. Follow all instructions and manuals given by the manufacturer. Particulate Filters Particulate filters are only good against hazardous dusts, powders, particles and any other small, solid contaminant. While they can be somewhat effective against certain gasses and mists, it is recommended to go with a combination filter if you anticipate a hazard from either particulate, gas or both. Gas and Bio-Vapor Filters Gas and Bio-Vapor filters are very specific in what they protect. The type of filter canister/element created for a specific respirator will have specific protection listed on them or their packaging. This type of filter is generally used for chemical or bio vapors and gasses in the air. However, this type of filter may not protect against many smaller particulates or dusts. Combination Filters Combination filters are simply a combination of a particulate filter (on the outer half of the filter element) and a Gas/Bio-Vapor filter (on the inner half of the filter element). This is the type I recommend having on hand for use in your Readiness Kit, with at least two replacement filter canisters/elements. Usage Whatever type of Respirator you wind up choosing, make sure you are fully familiarized with the types of situations it is designed to protect you in. Generally the most common and economical emergency use respirators are Full-Face Air Purifying Respirators. For the remainder of this guide, I when referring to aspects of Respirator usage, it is in reference to this type. Please make certain that you follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for proper fit, function and safe usage before referring to this guide. This guide is to bring general knowledge forward about respirator usage and basic safety and maintenance procedures. Picking out the right size/shape/type Respirator Most full-face air purifying respirators use the same type of size gauge: the distance from the tip of your chin to where your nose and brow meet (right between the eyes at the nose). This distance can be measured most effectively be calipers. Usually this distance is translated in respirator sizes as S, M and L; Short, Medium and Long. I recommend, if possible, trying on different sizes to find which fits most comfortably, and more importantly, is easier to gain and maintain a proper seal. There are other styles and types of Full-Face respirators. Some have a single canister, some with two. Some respirators have two filter-elements positioned within the “cheeks” of the mask and there is no external canister, however this style (most notably with the M10 and M17 masks) is more difficult to change filters out. M10 M17 The M10 and M17 (essentially the same) are still often found in military surplus stores and internet stores, however their replacement filters are no longer being produced, that I am aware of, and the supply is drying up. Though, like most filters, if you manage to buy some, keep them in their sealed protective wrapping. This will preserve the effectiveness of the filter until it is time to be used. The benefit of these respirators is they are light and easy to store/carry. Their design allows for them to be “folded” in between the eyes into a flatter profile. Another benefit, with the aid of a sealed canteen with the proper gasket cap, the drinking tube on this type of respirator can be used to allow the wearer of the mask to stay hydrated. Many other military-issue respirators have the drinking tube feature, since operationally the masks can be worn in excess of 8 hours in extreme circumstances. Another type of common military-styled Mask is the MSA Millennium. It is NIOSH approved and very similar to the U.S. Military’s MCU-2/P and MCU-2A/P masks (used mostly by the U.S. Navy and Air Force) which I am most familiar with. They are both manufactured by MSA. MSA Millennium Mask MCU-2A/P (the A designator indicates the mask’s capability to accept an electric voice amplification/mic to help communicate over a radio, instead of using the voice-powered voicemitter). The downside to the MSA Millennium is it does not have a drinking tube, where the MCU-2/P series does. However, most commercial marketed respirators do not have the drinking tube accessory. It does not really matter, as for in a Readiness Kit I recommend only using the respirator to escape a hazardous area, instead of lingering within one for an indefinite amount of time which would require more water intake. The upside to either mask is they allow the user to use 40mm NATO military canisters, and they each have the capability to change the canister location to either side. There are many other types, brands and countries of origin to consider. Here are a few: North (40mm) NBC Mask Chinese MF12 Russian GP-5 Easy-Fit U.S. Army/Marine M40 (3M) Whatever type of mask you pick, make sure it is rated to give you protection from Chemical, Biological and Radiological hazards (NBC, CBRN, CRA, etc). Picking out the right type of Filter It is important when picking out your type of filter to consider all likely hazards. I recommend getting a respirator/mask that uses 40mm NBC (combination) filters, which are kind of like “all purpose” emergency filters. The MSA Millennium the North NBC mask and the 3M M40 are some examples. While they are not as specific as many specialized commercial hazard filters (acetone, naphthalene, paint stripper, etc.), they offer a broader range of protection, and are generally ample protection when used to leave a hazardous region. Just remember, whatever type of filter you decide on, make certain it is the correct size and properly interfaces with whatever respirator you have chosen. Keep in mind the operational life of most military filter elements are 8 hours or less. If exposed to moisture or any blood agent (Hydrogen Cyanide, etc.) the protection time can be whittled down to a couple hours or less. It is recommended that you remain clean-shaven for proper mask fit-checking, function testing and mask usage. Fit-Checking your respirator One of the most important aspects of using a respirator or mask, is being confident in its fit and seal. The basic Fit-Checking procedure includes placing the mask against the face (with the head-harness/skull-cap pulled in front of the mask) and gauging the Outer Seal Lip around your face as well as the muzzle piece. The Outer Seal Lip should be smaller than your hairline, yet wider than your eyebrows. Basically, it should ring the edge of your face. The next step is to put on the respirator (refer to Donning/Doffing) and make sure it is comfortable, and that you can get an effective seal. The best way to test a seal, is if the filter element has an inlet port, to cover it up with the flattened palm of your hand (or hands if it is two filters) and deeply inhale. The mask should not allow any air in, and you should feel the mask tighten as the negative pressure increases with your lungs drawing in air. If any air sneaks in along the seams or around the filter element, re-adjust the mask straps a little tighter and tighten the filter element. In the MCU-2A/P mask, the soft visor outsert would often flex inward to help visibly confirm the negative pressure seal. The true test of any seal during Fit-Checking is to hold your breath, and if you hear or feel any air (or see the visor unflex in some models) sneaking in, then again, your seal is ineffective. Repeat the fit-checking procedure to attempt a seal; if a seal cannot be attained with your current mask, then most likely you have the wrong size for your face. Function Testing your Respirator Once you believe you have attained a proper seal, it is time to function you’re your mask, to instill confidence in its use. While there are official and approved means of Function Testing (in the military, this includes tear agent confidence training), for the general public there are alternatives. To test your respirator’s seal, light some strong incense or a scented candle in a separate room and close the door. I suggest having a second individual stay in that room to ensure there is no accidental fire started. Allow the incense/candle to burn for ten minutes. In another room, where the respirator is located, properly don it and obtain a seal. Open the door to the scented room and walk in. Move around the room and sit down for about five minutes. If at any time you can detect any smell of the incense or candle within the mask, then there is a minor seal leak and you should try to re-fit and try again. Proper Donning/Doffing Procedures (as done with the MCU-2A/P) Donning 1. Prepare the mask by ensuring all straps of the head harness are completely loosened. 2. As you hold the inside of the mask toward you, carefully pull the head-harness straps over the front of the mask. 3. Next, place your chin in the chin-cup of the mask, and hold the mask in that position. 4. Now while holding the mask off your face resting against your chin, use your off-hand to brush away any hair from the perimeter of your face (place palm against your forehead, and slide any hair back over the top of the head with the edge of your hand). 5. With the hair out of the way, roll the rest of the inner mask seam against the perimeter of your face. 6. With the mask held snug against your face by cradling the front of the mask underneath the head-harness (hand is placed between the harness and outer mask face-piece) use the other hand to pull the head-harness (via quick-don tab if your mask has one) over the top of the mask and then your head. If the Middle and Top straps are pre-tightened (from a previous donning) to fit you, the harness may be a little tighter fitting over the top of the head, but is still doable. 7. Tighten the two Middle (temple) straps first, by pulling on the end of the strap until tight (not too tight). Next adjust the Bottom straps, tightening in the same manner. Finish by tightening the Top straps (or sometimes just one strap). I use the expression “My Big Toe” to remember MBT (Middle, Bottom, Top). This method ensures even fit. If the Middle and Top straps are pre-tightened to your fit, only tighten the bottom straps. 8. The mask should feel snug around the face and chin. ALWAYS CHECK FOR A GOOD SEAL. Doffing (as done with the MCU-2A/P) 1. If you were wearing your respirator in a contaminated environment, this method will ensure you minimize chance of cross-contamination from the mask to your body, so when normally doffing the mask, use this procedure to make it a good habit. (Note: proper doffing and removal of any contaminated clothing should be done long before you even consider removing your mask; the mask should always be the last thing removed when going through a decontamination procedure). 2. If your head-harness is elastic, begin by “scratching” loose the two buckles of the bottom straps. It is easiest to do this by taking your index and middle fingers, held together, and placing them behind the buckles of the bottom straps. In short strokes forward, push against the buckles themselves. This strips the bottom straps loose through the buckles. If your head harness is rubber instead of elastic, you’ll just have to loosen the straps from the buckles as smoothly as possible. 3. With the bottom two straps loose, grasp the mask from the inside of the chin cup with your thumbs, and pull up. Carefully slide the mask up to the top of your head. With the bottom two straps being loose, the mask should now come off of your head (while being held above the top of your head). 4. Leave the Middle and Top straps set to where they were when the mask was fit to your face and you had a good seal. This will make donning all the faster next time you need to do quickly get a seal. Routine Inspections of Rubber/Components Every six months or so, I recommend inspecting your respirator/mask’s individual parts (especially the outlet valve) and the integrity of the seam. Most masks are usually made of Silicone Rubber or an equally rubbery material. They can rot and stretch with use, so make certain your mask is serviceable. The following is a comprehensive diagram of the MCU-2A/P mask, and its components. Use this information to adapt an inspection routine for your mask/respirator. Storing Your Respirator While in times of heightened readiness, I recommend storing your mask with the head-harness in the ready position (pulled up and over the front of the mask), for prolonged periods of time I do not recommend storing your mask/respirator in this way. This can stretch the rubber or material to the point of losing its strength, and if it was pre-fitted to your head, after it gets stretched out you may have a real difficult time getting it to fit correctly again. I do recommend storing your mask in a crush-proof, watertight container to protect it. If there is an opened filter element on the mask, I recommend finding a way to seal the container as best as possible. Once exposed to open air, a filter will have only a few months before it begins to lose its effectiveness. Sealing the filter in some sort of airtight container can extend the filter’s usage life several times over. Generally a filter will not be 0% effective, it’ll always have some form of prophylaxis, however in my opinion get as close to 100% as possible.